高原土著动物适应性进化的研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2019.09.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青藏高原是世界上海拔最高、面积最大、地形最为复杂的地理单元，其独特的地形地貌造就了极端的环境气候特征——高寒、低氧、强紫外线辐射等。历经数百万年，高原土著动物在长期的适应性进化过程中形成了独特的低氧适应策略。经过长期的自然选择和进化，高原土著动物不仅在生理、生化、形态学及行为上获得稳定的高原低氧适应能力，并在细胞和分子水平形成了一系列独特的调节机制。近一个世纪以来，高原动物适应性进化的研究主要集中在生理形态方面，近期随着基因组数据的不断更新，利用分子技术探索高原动物适应性进化已成为研究热点，但全面解析高原动物为何能够良好的适应高原极端环境的分子机制亟待进一步研究。因此，今后的研究可结合已报道的相关表型和基因型数据，全面、系统地解析高原动物适应性进化的分子机制和遗传原理，为培育耐低温、低氧及强紫外辐射的动物新品种提供理论和技术依据，也为临床预防和治疗高原性疾病提供新思路。为此，本文以青藏高原特有的低氧、低温和强紫外辐射为线索，并结合相关微生物的研究成果，综述了近几十年关于高原土著动物适应性进化的研究进展。

Abstract: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the highest, largest and the most complex geographical unit in the world. Its unique topography and physiognomy had formed extreme environment and climatic characteristics i.e., severe winter, low oxygen, strong ultraviolet radiation, etc. For millions of years, plateau indigenous animals have developed unique hypoxic adaptation strategies during the long-term process of evolution. After long-term natural selection, plateau indigenous animals not only have acquired stable hypoxic adaptability in physiology, behavior, biochemistry and morphology, but also developed a series of unique regulatory mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels. In the past century, the research on the adaptive evolution of plateau animals mainly focused on their physiology. Recently, with the continuous genomic database update, the adaptive evolution of plateau animals at molecular level has become a hot spot, but these mechanisms are not yet comprehensively analyzed and the future studies will be needed. Therefore, future research can be combined with the reported relevant phenotypic and genotypic data to comprehensively and systematically analyze the molecular mechanisms and genetic principles of plateau animal adaptive evolution. It will provide theoretical and practical basis for breeding new animal breeds adpating cold, low hypoxia and strong ultraviolet radiation. It will also provide new ideas for clinical prevention and treatment of high-altitude diseases. Based on the unique climatic conditions i.e., hypoxia, low temperature and strong ultraviolet radiation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, combined with the research results of related microorganisms, this paper reviews the research progress on the adaptive evolution of plateau animals in recent decades.

中图分类号:

Q951.3

张剑搏, 丁学智, Anum Ali Ahmad, 李晨, 梁泽毅, 杜梅, 阎萍. 高原土著动物适应性进化的研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2019, 50(9): 1723-1736.

ZHANG Jianbo, DING Xuezhi, ANUM Ali Ahmad, LI Chen, LIANG Zeyi, DU Mei, YAN Ping. Advances in Research on Adaptive Evolution of Native Animals of Tibetan Plateau[J]. ACTA VETERINARIA ET ZOOTECHNICA SINICA, 2019, 50(9): 1723-1736.

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